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Ulixertinib in vivo corrugata this gene cluster is divided over different contigs. Recently, a partial gene cluster containing a partial NRPS gene, encoding two adenylation-domains and two transport genes, were linked to corpeptin production (Strano et al., 2014). Because of the incomplete nature of the draft genome sequence for strain CFBP5454, it remains unclear if the organization of the gene clusters for cormycin and corpeptin of P. corrugata is also similar to that of thanamycin and thanapeptin in SH-C52. However, consistent with the gene organization in SH-C52, a putative brabantamide-like gene cluster was also found in P. corrugata down-stream of the putative cormycin gene cluster (Figure ?(Figure2).2). In addition, the biocontrol strain P. fluorescens In5 was recently reported to produce the antagonistic metabolites nunamycin and nunapeptin, also with similarity to cormycin and corpeptin, respectively. Although gene clusters for nunamycin and nunapeptin were presented (Michelsen et al., 2015), the genome information of strain In5 was not provided. Figure 2 Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters present in the genome of Pseudomonas sp. SH-C52. (A) The six NRPS gene clusters predicted in the genome of SH-C52. (B) A comparison of the SH-C52 thanamycin-thanapeptin-brabantamide cluster with the putative ... The fourth NRPS gene cluster (BN844_0379-0382) found in SH-C52 is predicted to code for an NRPS that produces an 8-amino-acid lipopeptide, with no significant similarity to other known compounds in general and dedicated databases such as NCBI and the Norine peptide database. This gene cluster appears to be unique for SH-C52, as it was not found in other genomes. The last NRPS gene cluster identified in SH-C52 shows similarity to mgoA-like gene clusters, encoding only one adenylation domain. MgoA or MgoA-regulated compound(s) were proposed to regulate the expression of pathogenicity factors in P. entomophila and P. syringae (Vallet-Gely et al., 2010; Carrion et al., 2014), although the underlying mechanism is yet unknown. Thanamycin: gene cluster and antimicrobial activity Based on mutant analysis, the thanamycin gene cluster was shown to be important for the growth-inhibitory activity of strain SH-C52 against Rhizoctonia solani (Mendes et al., 2011). The thanamycin gene cluster shows similarity to a fragmented NRPS gene cluster in P. corrugata CFBP5454 (Figure ?(Figure2),2), but the incomplete and scattered P. corrugata sequences complicate a clear comparison between the thanamycin and cormycin gene clusters. Alignments of the thanamycin NRPSs and the annotated parts of cormycin NRPSs show 85�C97% protein identity. To test the antimicrobial activity-spectrum of thanamycin, wild type SH-C52 and two thanamycin biosynthesis mutants (Mendes et al., 2011) were tested for activity against fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Here, we show that the activity spectrum of thanamycin is not exclusive for R.