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Interaction effects between the fun character and the health information are addressed in the discussion. Children were asked whether they liked yogurt in general and were given the option not to participate. Only children who took part in both the taste and effort provision experiment were included in the analyses. Children were asked to rate their subjective hunger level on a 5-point scale ranging from ��very full�� to ��very hungry.�� The standardized product testing protocol proceeded as follows: Groups of several children were seated in a separated schoolroom, each child at a separate table, and were assisted individually by one trained member of staff while conducting the study protocol. The products I�CIII were presented in a randomized order to each participant. The children were asked to take the dynamometer, look at the different snacks and press the dynamometer as much as they would like to have each product. The obtained values were employed to calculate percentages of maximum grip strength for the following analyses. The children were asked to open each snack container, to sample it, and rate the taste on a 7-point scale (��extremely bad,�� ��very bad,�� ��bad,�� ��indifferent,�� ��good,�� very good�� and ��extremely good��). They could not see the evaluation of the other children in the group. In both cohorts, children received the same task instruction; they were instructed to press as much as they wanted to have the product. In 2012, children received the product for which they pressed most. In 2014, though, children could choose whichever product they preferred after the sensory taste test. We used the 2014 choices to investigate the differential effects of taste pleasantness and effort provision on choice. It is important to note, however, that this choice measure is not fully independent of the previous tests. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using R Studio (R Studio: Integrated development environment for R, Version 0.97.551, Boston, MA, USA) and SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY, USA). Normality tests were calculated. Since all our data violated the assumption of normality, Fridman tests for analyses of variance, and Wilcoxon-tests for pairwise comparisons were used. Multiple tests were Bonferroni-corrected. We correlated liking and handgrip measures for each label (Kendall's Tau rank correlation). As handgrip measures were highly variable and lacked a common anchor (such as a boundary or a mean), we also correlated taste and effort placebo effects. As hunger status was shown to be an important component that determines food choice (Rogers and Carboplatin Hardman, 2015), we also performed linear mixed-model analyses, with liking (model 1) or effort provision (model 2) as dependent variable, label and hunger level as predictors, and subject as random effect.