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Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:665�C672. ? 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is one of the drugs frequently used for the treatment of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in children (chILD). This use is off-label and studies to analyze the effect and safety of HCQ in chILD are lacking. Therefore, a literature research on the usage of chloroquine (CQ) and HCQ in these conditions was done. Eighty-five case reports and small series in the period from 1984 to 2013 were identified in which children with different diagnoses of ILD were treated with CQ or HCQ, sometimes in combination with other medication including steroids. A favorable response to HCQ or CQ was reported in 35 cases, whereas in the other cases the effect was negative or not clear. S6 Kinase The dose of HCQ used was between 5 and 10?mg/kg body weight/day (bw/d). No pharmacokinetic studies have been done. The side effect profile in children seemed to be similar to that in adults. Most often gastrointestinal symptoms were reported. Three patients were found developing retinal changes during the treatment with CQ, whereas in none of the patients treated with HCQ retinal changes were reported. Based on retrospective case reports and small series likely to be reported with bias, the use of HCQ in chILD might be classified as safe. As no prospective data on efficacy and safety of HCQ in chILD are available, systematic collection is necessary. This may be achieved by web-based registers like the European LY294002 Management Platform for Childhood Interstitial Lung Diseases. Prospective and controlled investigations of HCQ in patients with chILD are mandatory. Pediatr Pulmonol. ? 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Most preschoolers with viral wheezing exacerbations are not atopic. To test in a prospective controlled trial whether wheezing preschoolers presenting to the ED are different from the above in three different domains Lapatinib price defining asthma: the atopic characteristics based on stringent asthma predictive index (S-API), the characteristics of bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR), and airway inflammation. The S-API was prospectively collected in 41 preschoolers (age 31.9?��?17.4 months, range; 1�C6 years) presenting to the ED with acute wheezing and compared to healthy preschoolers (n?=?109) from our community (community control group). Thirty out of the 41 recruited preschoolers performed two sets of bronchial challenge tests (BCT)-(methacholine and adenosine) within 3 weeks and following 3 months of the acute event and compared to 30 consecutive ambulatory preschoolers, who performed BCT for diagnostic workup in our laboratory (ambulatory control group). On presentation, induced sputum (IS) was obtained from 22 of the 41 children. Primary: S-API, secondary: BCTs characteristics and percent eosinophils in IS. Significantly more wheezing preschoolers were S-API positive compared with the community control group: 20/41 (48.7%) versus 15/109 (13.7%, P?