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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive source for therapy; learn more reduced ethical concern, ease in expansion, as off-the-shelf stem cells. MSCs exert immune suppressive properties, providing them with the potential for immune suppressive therapy such as autoimmunity, asthma, allergic rhinitis and graft versus host disease. In addition, MSCs, as well as other stem cells, can be applied for bone and cartilage repair, cardiovascular disease, and neural repair/protection. The data thus far with MSCs are mixed. This review discusses the immune-enhancing properties of MSCs to explain the possible confounds of inflammatory microenvironment in the MSCs therapy. Although this review focuses on MSCs, selleck compound the information can be extrapolated to other stem cells. The review summarizes the biology of MSCs, including multilineage differentiation potential, transdifferentiation capability, and immunological effects. We emphasize the key concepts that may predict the use of these cells in medicine, namely, the application of these cells from the bench to the bedside. Prospects on immunotherapy, neuroregeneration, and cardiovascular repair are used as examples of tissue repair. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 380�C386 ""4005" "Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disorder in patients with heart failure (HF) associated with cognitive dysfunction and increased mortality and rehospitalization rates. Loop diuretics worsen renal function, produce neurohormonal activation, and induce electrolyte imbalances. Lixivaptan is a selective, oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist that improves hyponatremia by promoting electrolyte-free aquaresis without significant side effects. The Treatment of Hyponatremia Based on Lixivaptan in NYHA Class DDR1 III/IV Cardiac Patient Evaluation (BALANCE) study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial designed to evaluate the effects of lixivaptan on serum sodium in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure (target N= 650), signs of congestion and serum sodium concentrations