Overview - The PTEN Positive Aspects As well as Downsides

It should be noted that fruit sampling is particularly effective in small-scale delimiting surveys in an outbreak area. However, it is labour-intensive, time consuming and expensive due to the destruction of fruit. It is important that fruit samples are held in suitable conditions to maintain the viability of all immature stages of fruit fly in infested fruit for identification purposes. Fruit PTEN sampling should take into consideration the presence of primary, secondary and occasional hosts of B.?zonata. Fruit sampling should also preferably target mature fruit, and take account of apparent signs of infestation in fruit, and commercial practices (e.g. application of insecticides) in the area. Fruit sampling should be targeted on areas likely to have presence of infested fruits such as: ?Urban areas Fruits should be sampled during the period when the different hosts are likely to be infested by B.?zonata. Factors to be considered include: ?The required level of confidence learn more Valuable information on the size of samples in relation to the required level of confidence is given in ISPM 31 Methodologies for Sampling of Consignments (IPPC, 2008). Fruit of preferred host in the trapping area may be cut and examined for larvae. If fruit fly larvae are found, the infested samples are taken in a sealed container for identification. When two adult flies or one mated female or a larva of B.?zonata are detected within one estimated life cycle, within an area of 9?km radius, an infestation of B.?zonata is considered to be detected. An eradication programme should then be initiated. It is also necessary to adjust the delimitation of the trapping area accordingly. In addition to eradication measures, other measures are applied to prevent further spread. This requires establishing two types of quarantine area (see Table?2). The eradication measures are applied in TSA HDAC order an area of 9?km radius from the epicentre. In addition to eradication measures, measures to prevent the spread of the pest are applied to commodities leaving an infested area if any of the following are detected, within an area