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In those strains, it could be speculated that SPS may be a bifunctional protein or that a phosphatase different to SPP may dephosphorylate Suc-6-phosphate. Also, in Synechococcus WH8102 Suc could not be detected even though there is a putative sps sequence Megestrol Acetate in their genomes [4]. Further functional characterization of Suc genes in marine cyanobacterial strains is needed to clarify this issue. In most cyanobacterial genomes SPS and SPP genes are located separately, frequently in different regions of the chromosome. In prokaryotes, about 50% of the genes are organized in operons, being one of their major structural and regulatory features [22]. Proteins with tendency to operon participation seem to be involved in relatively static complexes and possible linear pathways [23]. However, this seems not to be the rule for Suc genes in cyanobacteria so far. The driving forces behind operon formation and the balance between individually regulated genes versus genes in operons are still not elucidated [23]. The identification of 7002-spsA and 7002-sppA uncovered their cluster arrangement ( Fig. 3A), a rare feature in cyanobacteria, rising the question about their origin [6]. selleck inhibitor We wonder if this indicates that it is an extant arrangement of ancestral genes or they might have been acquired by lateral gene transfer during evolution. A similar organization is found in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7001 (Cyanobium sp. PCC 7001) genome, where a putative two-domain SPS gene is 19-bp overlapped with a putative SPP encoding gene. From the genome of the proteobacteria Magnetococcus sp. MC-1, Mariprofundus ferroxidans PV-1, Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 and Desulfobacterium autotrophicum HRM2 it can be retrieved clusters of two homologs to putative bidomainal SPS and putative SPP encoding genes. It has been suggested that proteobacteria are likely to have acquired those genes through lateral gene transfer from cyanobacteria and plants [6]. Whether their protein products are Suc-related proteins remains to be demonstrated. In Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil proteobacteria, homologs to genes coding for SPS and SPP are arranged in an operon structure, but it was shown that they are involved in the synthesis selleck compound of mannosylfructose [12]. The addition of chloramphenicol to salt-treated cells allowed stabilization of 7002-spsA-sppA transcripts relative to controls without the antibiotic ( Fig. 3B, C). Additionally, our experiments report two different transcriptional start sites ( Fig. 4) that differ by 32 bases in length. Both transcripts are particularly evident after a salt treatment. A transcriptional regulation can be suggested for spsA-sppA expression from the presence of a consensus motif characteristic of promoters of stress-regulated genes [21], specially osmotic- and salt-activated genes. In summary, the regulation of the SPS and SPP genes involved in Suc biosynthesis in the marine cyanobacterium Synechoccoccus sp.