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Thus, due to the rapid economic and environment growth, and improvements in hygiene in the 80s and 90s, the prevalence of H. pylori decreased rapidly. Nonetheless, there was no significant decrease in H. pylori infection in the last 11 years probably due to the economic depression in the late 90s. Secondly, public awareness is increased over the last 10 years, Selleckchem EPZ-6438 that mouth-to-mouth transmission by mastication culture during weaning period is one of the routes of H. pylori infection transmission. Moreover, the decrease in the H. pylori infection rate in children during the last decade was lower due to the increasing maternal age. The use of endoscopic biopsy for CLO tests and histopathologic examination is the most accurate procedure in the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. However, unlike adults, endoscopy is not always recommended for children due to the possible complications during examination and the psychological burden of the patient and their parents, so that there would be an increased risk of selection bias for prevalence study. The use of H. pylori immunoglobulins is an alternative method with high sensitivity and specificity in adults; however, because of very low sensitivity in children, this method is not used for diagnosis of H. pylori infection in children [22]. On the other hand, the UBT is a non-invasive test that is commonly used easily and safely without the need of experienced personnel, in contrast to endoscopy. The UBT has been used in a relatively GRB10 accurate way to determine treatment success, since it has a high sensitivity and specificity. Here, we tried to estimate the prevalence rate of H. pylori in patients with recurrent abdominal pain, based on the findings that recurrent abdominal pain in children has no direct PD0325901 clinical trial association with H. pylori [23]. Our study conducted the UBT for screening patients with recurrent abdominal pain, followed by endoscopy in cases where screening results were positive. Thus, we were able to examine the change in the prevalence rate of H. pylori infection in children, while improving the test accuracy and minimizing the use of endoscopy. Applying UBT for children has an interpreting week point because of the higher false positive rate in the younger children. In a previous study, children