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monocytogenes holds great promise. However, the development of bacteriocin resistance is a potential challenge, and the purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to sublethal concentrations of pediocin-containing Lactobacillus plantarum?WHE 92 supernatant could prime L. monocytogenes for resistance. By transcriptomic analysis, we found two, 55 and 539 genes differentially expressed after 10, 60 and 180?min of exposure to L. plantarum?WHE 92 supernatant as compared with control exposures. We observed temporal expression changes in genes regulated by the two component system LisRK and the alternative sigma factors SigB and SigL. find more Additionally, several genes involved in bacteriocin resistance were induced. ��lisR, ��sigB and ��sigL mutants were all more resistant than wild types to L. plantarum?WHE 92 supernatant. Conclusively, LisRK, SigB and SigL regulation and genes associated with resistance are involved in the temporal adaptive response to pediocin, and all three regulatory systems affect pediocin resistance. Selleck KU55933 Thus, a single exposure to a sublethal pediocin concentration initiates a response pointing to resistance, and indicates that further research exploring the link between adaptive responses and resistance is needed. ""2211" "Background? Focus on the placenta as an agent of fetal development and offspring health outcomes is growing. Primate research facilities or zoos may collect and fix placental tissue for long-term storage, but little is known about the effects of formalin fixation on the non-human primate placenta. Methods? We obtained 48 vervet CYTH4 monkey placentas from the St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation. We investigated via correlation coefficients and ANOVAs the effects of gestational age and original fresh weight on weight change due to fixation. We also used linear regression models to determine whether fixed tissue weight was predictive of fresh weight and gestational age. Results? Although the vervet monkey placenta is described as bidiscoid, 14.6% of the placentas in this sample were fused into a single mass. A decrease in weight was the most common response to formalin fixation, with the greatest degree of loss experienced by the heaviest placentas (ANOVA, F?=?5.99, P?=?0.005). Gestational age was unrelated to weight change. Those placentas that increased in weight had the lowest fresh weights. Fixed weights significantly predicted both fresh weight and gestational age (r2?=?0.78, P?