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During follow-up, the occurrence of inappropriate ICD shocks and all-cause mortality was noted. A total of 1,544 ICD patients (79% male, age 61 �� 13 years) were included in the analysis. During the follow-up period of 41 �� 18 months, 13% experienced?��1 inappropriate shocks. The cumulative incidence steadily increased to 18% at 5-year follow-up. Independent predictors of the occurrence of inappropriate shocks included a history of atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.0, p?Sclareol The most important finding is the association between Olaparib order inappropriate shocks and mortality, independent of interim appropriate shocks (164). We hypothesized that autonomic atrial remodeling can be reversed by low-level (LL) vagosympathetic nerve stimulation (VNS). Previously, we showed that VNS can be antiarrhythmogenic. Thirty-three dogs were subjected to electrical stimulation (20 Hz) applied to both vagosympathetic trunks at voltages 10% to 50% below the threshold that slowed sinus rate or AV conduction. Group 1 (n?= 7): Programmed stimulation (PS) was performed at baseline and during 6-h rapid atrial pacing (RAP). PS allowed determination of effective refractory period (ERP) and AF inducibility measured by window of vulnerability (WOV). LL-VNS was continuously applied from the 4th to 6th hours. Group 2 (n?= 4): After baseline ERP and WOV determinations, 6-h concomitant RAP+LL-VNS Vemurafenib was applied. Sustained AF was induced by injecting acetylcholine (ACh) 10 mM into the anterior right ganglionated plexus (Group 3, n?= 10) or applying ACh 10 mM to right atrial appendage (Group 4, n?= 9). Group 1: The ERP progressively shortened and the ��WOV (sum of WOV from all tested sites) progressively increased (p?