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Sites were chosen to have similar land use, initial stocking densities, management history and soil types (J. Edeburn, personal communication), but the age of the pines varied from 14 to 115 years, including the oldest loblolly pines present in this region (Table?1). The Helena soil series was chosen for site selection because it closely matches the soil at the nearby Duke Free-air selleck products CO2 Enrichment (FACE) site (Hamilton et?al. 2002), enabling comparisons between data presented here and this 26-year-old forest that lies ?5?km to the west. The maximum distance between stands was 6?km. Detailed descriptions of the site selection criteria, stand characteristics and production measurements are provided in Drake et?al. (2010). Pine SA was measured in all stands using an allometric relationship between diameter at breast height (DBH) and SA; the allometry was derived by coring 41 trees of varying size, with two perpendicular cores per tree, and differentiating sapwood with a 10% ferric chloride solution [SA (cm2)?=?18.24*DBH (cm)???258.05; r2?=?0.81, P?this website (optical method) and hardwood LAI (litterfall method). The ratio of pine SA to pine leaf area was calculated at the stand level by summing Floctafenine the SA of all pines and dividing by pine LAI (Table?1). Foliage gas exchange was measured with cross-calibrated, open gas exchange systems (model 6400, Li-Cor Biosciences) under saturating irradiance (1500??mol?PAR?m?2?s?1, 6400-02B red/blue light source, 2?��?3?cm chamber, Li-Cor Biosciences). The midpoint of three fascicles (i.e. nine needles) was enclosed in the chamber; leaks formed by clamping the flat chamber gaskets onto irregular needle surfaces were sealed with Permagum (Virginia KMP, Broadview, IL, USA), and each sample was verified to be leak tight by exhaling on the chamber. Relationships between net photosynthesis (Anet) and the CO2 partial pressure (ci) inside needle air-spaces (i.e. A:ci curves) were measured by recording Anet at the following ambient concentrations of CO2 (c.) in the reference cell of the gas exchange system: 400, 250, 150, 50, 400, 550, 750, 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1800?ppm. All A:ci curves were analysed using the PS-fit program (version 7.3, Bernacchi et?al. 2002; Bernacchi, Pimentel & Long 2003; Long & Bernacchi 2003). Parameters derived from this fitting procedure (e.g.