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This sits well with findings showing folk theories to be coherent in other domains (e.g., Vosniadou and Brewer, 1992; Lautrey and Mazens, 2004; Smith, 2007; Shtulman and Schulz, 2008; Shtulman and Calabi, 2012). These findings Arginase provide support for the TOI construct, and for the continued use of the three standard assessment items. Are Theories of Intelligence Categorical or Continuous? The second goal of the project was to determine whether TOI represent discrete categories (which are the way they are usually treated in the literature) or a continuous dimension. In other words, is it the case in real life (as in the literature) that most people fall either in the entity camp or the incremental camp, and not somewhere in between? In the present paper, we explored this in two ways. One was to give participants the three standard assessment items, but to include a neutral answer option so that participants were not forced to choose an answer from one side or the other. Second, we looked at the distribution of responses both for the three standard items, as well as for the broader set of questions about intelligence, brain development and the twins separated at birth. If people��s thinking about the malleability of intelligence naturally falls into two distinct categories, then people��s responses on all of these question types should be bimodally distributed, with responses clustered into two groups, reflecting the two TOI. The answer to this question turned out to be different for the three standard TOI items than for the other item types. Answers to the three standard TOI items did form a bimodal distribution, even though respondents had the option of the neutral response. However, responses to all of the other item types were normally distributed. In other words, we did not find evidence for two distinct theories in people��s broader beliefs about intelligence and the brain. Instead we found a continuum of beliefs. This was true for abstract questions about essentialism and brain development as well as for more concrete judgments about the twins separated at birth and their adoptive brothers. Conclusion It seems that the three standard items used to assess TOI do tap into a deeper and broader set of coherent beliefs, but that these beliefs exist on a continuum. To be clear, psychologists working with the TOI construct have not argued that entity and incremental theorists are separate and fixed categories of people. On the contrary, many studies have tried to nudge people away from an entity theory and toward an incremental theory. For example, Bergen (1991) had some participants read an essay arguing that traits are malleable, and had others read an essay arguing that traits are fixed. Participants who read the argument for malleability were more likely to attribute failure to situational factors than participants who read the argument for fixedness.