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The clinical correlate has been documented by bacterial challenge [7, 8], but similar to in humans, the role of C.?difficile as an aetiological agent of infection in pigs in the MCC950 purchase absence of diarrhoea is debated [9]. Neonatal colonization often occurs on the first day of life [3] and, in several countries where this has been studied, the predominant PCR ribotype in pigs as well as cattle has been 078. For example, PCR ribotype 078 accounted for 83�C100% of isolates in North America [10] and the Netherlands [3], but has been absent in some countries, such as Australia [11]. Increase of this ribotype in human community C.?difficile infection in the Netherlands has suggested a zoonotic pig farm origin [12]. In Sweden there are only domestic data on horses [13] and one publication on C.?difficile in retail meat products [14], but none of those studies included PCR ribotyping PRDX5 of C.?difficile isolates. Among humans in Sweden, there have been only eight non-related sporadic moxifloxacin-resistant 027/NAP1 isolated from clinical cases of C.?difficile infection and this virulent strain was not found in the latest reported national survey from 2011. Instead, other epidemic strains (PCR ribotypes 012, 017 and 046) have been successfully spreading, with local geographical clustering (Table?1) [[15]; Thomas ?kerlund, personal communication]. The claimed zoonotic, PCR ribotype 078, is the third most common PCR ribotype in Europe (8%), compared with ribotype 046 (2%) [16], whereas ribotypes 078 and 046 in Sweden constituted approximately 5% and 3% of all isolates, respectively [15]. From 2009 to 2012, PCR ribotype 046 has evolved, causing an insidious nosocomial outbreak in J?nk?ping county of southern Sweden, with a local prevalence of about 20�C30% of clinical isolates compared with 0 to Midostaurin clinical trial (www.smittskyddsinstitutet.se). We have for the first time in Sweden investigated the prevalence of C.?difficile (and existing PCR ribotypes) in neonatal pigs and delivering sows, and related the findings to human clinical PCR ribotypes. Three pig-breeding farms (referred to as A, B and C) of similar size (about 2500 pigs) and located in central Sweden, c.200?km north of J?nk?ping county, were surveyed. The farms, belonging to three separate companies, were located 20�C50?km apart and were investigated on a voluntary basis during May�CNovember 2012.