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When considering all age groups, nearly 55% of patients with benign mediastinal masses are asymptomatic at presentation, compared with only approximately 15% of those in whom masses are found to be malignant. On gross examination of the surgical specimen, it is usually solitary, encapsulated, and sharply demarcated from the adjacent soft tissue. Nerve of origin is often present in the periphery and does not penetrate the substance of tumor; thus, the tumor may appear to ��hang�� from large nerves. Large tumors may be cystic. It is also famous as ��dumbbell tumor�� as in posterior mediastinum, which originates from or extends into the vertebral canal. The tumor has usually yellow cut surface and is rarely dark red/black SAHA HDAC supplier due to hemorrhage. Microscopically, it is composed of Schwann cells within a background of loose reticular tissue. Areas designated as Antoni A are more organized and are composed of cellular spindle cells arranged in short bundles or interlacing fascicles. Antoni B areas are hypocellular and contain more myxomatous loosely arranged tissue.[3] Mitoses are rare in benign schwannomas. Immunohistochemical staining of the cytologic specimen is positive for S-100 and negative for pan-cytokeratin, cluster of differentiation (CD) 34, CD117, calcitonin, smooth muscle actin, and desmin. A characteristic feature of malignant schwannomas is their ability to exhibit other cellular components Tariquidar molecular weight such as clusters of epithelial cells, mucin-secreting glands, and even mesenchymal features such as bone, cartilage, or skeletal muscle. Malignant transformation can occur even without neurofibromatosis.[4] GSK3B Transformation usually occurs to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), angiosarcoma, or epithelioid malignant change. There is a tendency of schwannomas to show epithelioid cytomorphology when they undergo malignant change. Most common sites are limb, limb girdles, head, and neck. Five-year survival in such cases is