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The samples were screened in a blind fashion and tested randomly. The case and control samples were run on a single plate to avoid plate-to-plate variations, and the results were confirmed with at least two independent experiments. Analysis of total levels of ��-synuclein in CSF samples The levels of total ��-synuclein were quantified by using a newly developed bead-based xMAP technology assay, and these results were included in a previous report [14]. In brief, a monoclonal antibody (MAb), 9B6 IgG1, which recognizes a human-specific ��-synuclein C-terminal epitope in exon 5, was used as the capture antibody. The antibody was covalently coupled to carboxylated beads (region 126). The MAb 4D8 IgG1, an antibody recognizing an N-terminal epitope in exon 3 of ��-synuclein, was used as the detector in its biotinylated form. The bead assay was combined with bead-controlling heterophilic antibody interference SCH727965 solubility dmso (a specific MAb, bead 150) [32]. Heterophilic antibodies are a common problem in immunoassays [33] and have been used to exclude samples in plasma studies [34]. Although the problem of heterophilic antibodies has also been acknowledged in CSF studies [35], heterophilic antibodies were not observed in any of the 247 CSF samples analyzed BGB324 cell line herein, by using an arbitrary cut-off of an MFI of 150. The assays were analyzed on a Luminex 100IS instrument. Statistical analysis The statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS for Windows, version 20.0 (SPSS Ramoplanin Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The correlation analyses were performed by using the Spearman rank correlation test (Rs). To compare the demographic and CSF baseline data between groups, the Mann�CWhitney U test was used for continuous variables, and the Pearson ��2 test was used for dichotomous variables. Results The levels of oligomeric and total ��-synuclein in the CSF samples Both total and oligomeric forms of ��-synuclein were assessed in the CSF samples from 71 DLB patients, 30 PDD patients, 48?AD patients, and 98 healthy elderly controls. The demographic data are presented in Table?1. Table 1 Demographic data and the levels of total and oligomeric ��-synuclein and the oligomer/t-��-synuclein ratio in the CSF The levels of ��-synuclein oligomers in the CSF were increased in patients with PDD compared with the controls (P