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Understanding the anatomical structure of the respiratory system provides a critical foundation for advancing respiratory research. George Washko and colleagues gave a comprehensive review on research in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging both for the lung parenchyma and the airways, with examples of the application of advanced imaging to specific disorders, such as interstitial lung disease, asthma and COPD.4 Hiroshi Kubo reviewed current developments in pulmonary tissue engineering and regeneration, which represent key areas of basic research in pulmonary and stem cell research,5 and gave insights Neratinib clinical trial into potential areas for further research and development. Respiratory physiology provides paramount insights into understanding lung function that are essential for advancing both clinical research and respiratory care. BinMiao Liang and colleagues revisited various aspects of lung function testing, offering a forward-looking perspective on areas ripe for new test development.6 Keishi Ohtani and colleagues reviewed futuristic bronchoscopic imaging techniques that included autofluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, confocal endomicroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and their clinical and research applications in respiratory medicine.7 Kasia Czarnecka and Kazuhiro Yasufuku reviewed recent advances in interventional pulmonology, with a focus on diagnostic tools like endobronchial ultrasonography, pleuroscopy and navigational bronchoscopy.8 The challenges of pulmonary infections RVX-208 were approached by Jeannina Smith and Carol Kauffman, who contributed an overview of fungal lung infections that included cryptococcosis, aspergillosis and histoplasmosis, along with recent advances in clinical care.9 With the emergence of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis and extended drug-resistant tuberculosis, Nicholas Walter and colleagues authored a timely review on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of these highly resistant and increasingly lethal pathogens.10 S. Rodrigo Burguete and colleagues reviewed pulmonary infections that occur in patients undergoing lung transplantation.11 The new staging system for lung cancer was released by the International Society for the Study of Lung Cancer and is now widely adopted by clinicians BMS-777607 concentration engaged in the management of lung cancer patients. It is essential to have a thorough understanding of the rationale behind the various modifications of the new staging system. Henry Marshall and colleagues accepted the complex task of reviewing the scientific evidence in support of the recommendations proposed by the new staging system.12 With advances in the understanding of the pathobiology of lung adenocarcinoma, the International Society for the Study of Lung Cancer committee has also revised the classification of pulmonary adenocarcinoma recently. Humam Kadara and colleagues provided a timely review on how this classification evolved into its present form.