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3 ng/ml, 1.2 �� 1.2 pg/ml, 223.0 �� 53.4 pg/ml) (pRapamycin research buy 323.9 �� 301.3; p www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html and thyroid hormones in GD group. Cytokines are small molecules secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate various other components of the immune system [7]. The role of cytokines is often confusing and is neither independent nor exclusive of other immune mediators. A regulatory cytokine may either favor induction of tolerance against thyroid autoimmune disease or activation and/or exacerbation of autoimmune responses. These apparently Flavoprotein contradictory functions of a given cytokine are primarily influenced by the nature of cosignaling delivered by other cytokines [8]. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the role of a particular cytokine in the context of a specific immune response is essential for the development of appropriate strategies to modulate cytokine responses to maintain or restore health [9]. Cytokine production was studied in thyroid tissue from patients with GD, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and non-toxic goiter [7]. These results demonstrated that the lymphocytic infiltrate found in autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid disorders is associated with cytokine production. The cytokines produced by thyroid follicular cells may have an important role in stimulating autoantigen specific T cells in vivo as both interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 facilitate T cell activation. Interleukin-6 promotes changes peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism, and IL-12 seems to be involved in the regulation of the central part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during illness. IL-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which shares important biological properties with IL-12, such as interferon gamma-inducing activity. In the present study, we assessed several markers of cell-mediated immune response in patients with GD and healthy subjects.