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Antibiotic exposure was defined as a patient who received any antibiotic more than 24?h prior to the time when the positive blood cultures were drawn. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) was defined as a BSI plus one of three conditions: first, the isolation of the same organism from quantitative culture of the catheter tip (>100?CFU/mL) and blood; second, a >3:1 ratio of simultaneous quantitative blood cultures drawn from a CVC compared with peripheral blood culture; or third, differential time to positivity of more than 2?h (blood culture drawn from the catheter becomes positive at least 2?h earlier than a simultaneously drawn peripheral http://www.selleckchem.com/products/LY294002.html blood culture) [10]. We compared categorical variables using the chi-square test and Fisher��s exact test when appropriate. We determined whether our recorded continuous variables followed a normal distribution using the Shapiro�CWilk test. We used the Wilcoxon test to compare the distribution of these variables between CRBSI and non-CRBSI cases. We included all variables whose tests for association with CRBSI rendered a p-value of ��0.25 in a multiple logistic regression model and tested in a descending way. All tests were two tailed, with a level of significance of 0.05. We used SAS software version 9 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) for all statistical analyses. From July 2005 to December 2006, there were 623 episodes of bacteraemia (Fig.?1) among cancer patients with CVCs. In 266 cases (42.7%), at least one isolate was identified as gram-negative bacilli. Seventy-eight cases of GNB were classified as definite CRBSI, whereas 126 were classified as non-CRBSIs. Another 62 cases S6 Kinase were classified probable CRBSI and excluded from the analysis. The age distribution was similar between Lapatinib clinical trial patients with CRBSIs and those with non-CRBSIs (median age, 59?years for CRBSI patients vs. 56?years for non-CRBSI patients, p?0.68). Both groups had a similar sex distribution (50% male for CRBSIs vs. 56% for non-CRBSIs; p?0.44). The median duration of CVC use was also similar (58.5?days for CRBSIs vs. 42.0?days for non-CRBSIs; p?0.12). There was a similar proportion of patients with a CVC in place for at least 50?days in both groups (53% of those with CRBSIs vs. 44% of those with non-CRBSIs; p?0.18). There were statistically significant differences in the microbiological characteristics of CRBSIs and non-CRBSIs (Fig.?2). Escherichia coli was found more frequently in non-CRBSI cases than in CRBSI cases (33% vs. 15%; p?0.005). Conversely, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was more common in CRBSIs (3% non-CRBSIs vs.14% CRBSIs; p?0.004). Two-thirds (36 of 54) of CVC blood cultures with a colony count of >1000?CFUs were from patients with CRBSIs (p?