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5?Tesla MRI scanner (Horizon EchoSpeed, General Electric). The patient was asked to rest with his eyes closed and to keep still. FMRI data were pre-processed using SPM8 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/). EPI time series were realigned and spatially smoothed with an 8?mm FWHM isotropic Gaussian kernel and normalized. A general linear model (GLM) was constructed to assess the presence of regional GSW-related BOLD changes. U0126 solubility dmso GSW activity was modelled as two blocks, beginning at GSW onset and terminating at their offset. The GSW block regressor was then convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response function (plus temporal and dispersion derivatives) before inclusion in the GLM. Both motion-related Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor effects (both head and eye movements) and cardiac confounds (see Liston et al., 2006) were included as regressors. In addition to the above confounding factors, scan-nulling regressors (modeling inter-scan motion events larger than 2?mm) were included in the GLM (Lemieux et al., 2007). In total, the GLM design matrix contained ninety three regressors, three of which were of interest. Fig.?13 shows the significant positive and negative GSW-related BOLD responses that were identified by means of an F-contrast on the GSW regressors. The resulting SPM was thresholded at p?LMTK2 a sudden increase in the external input to the network, or by an abrupt change in connectivity strength. This distinction directly maps to modelling the GSW input either as a driving (C matrix of Eq.?(9)) or modulatory (B matrix of Eq.?(9)) input. For each of these two explanations, we considered four models, which differ in (i) C-family: where GSW input enters the network (c.f. Vaudano et al., 2009) and (ii) B-family: which connections are specifically modulated within the cortico-thalamic loop. We also included a ��null�� scenario, in which GSW input had no effect. Note that all DCMs have full reciprocal connectivity (A matrix in Eq.?(9)). This model space was motivated by the standing debate regarding the putative role of the thalamus and the cortex as GSW generators (see, for example, Steriade and Contreras, 1998).