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At the same time, a trained evaluator conducted patient interviews regarding physical status, baseline cognitive status, and depression. The presence of FK228 in vivo preoperative delirium was assessed by trained nursing staff during daily and nightly rounds until surgery and was recorded in the medical records. Physical status defined by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) denotes preoperative risk classification based on comorbidity from ASA 1 (healthy) to ASA 5 (moribund) [9]. No patient in our study was graded as moribund; therefore, for the purpose of this study, two rating categories were used: grade 1 or 2 and grade 3 or 4. Cognitive status at admission was assessed using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) [10], as it was previously used in similar populations [11]. Depending on the number of correct answers on the 10-item questionnaire, the patient's cognitive status was described as lucid (8�C10), mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction (3�C7), and severe cognitive dysfunction (0�C2). According to SPMSQ score, patients were divided into two groups: those who were cognitively intact (SPMSQ?��?8) and those who had mild or moderate cognitive GNAT2 impairment (SPMSQ?Selleck NVP-BGJ398 Method (CAM) by trained nurses during their daily and nightly rounds until the surgery [15]. The CAM is a reliable and valid measure of delirium in general medical and surgical populations. It focuses on four key features: (1) acute change in mental status with a fluctuating course, (2) inattention, (3) disorganized thinking, and (4) altered level of consciousness. The onset of delirium was registered at the moment that the patient had met the CAM diagnostic algorithm, which requires a presence of features 1 and 2 and either 3 or 4 [16]. The surgical team consisted of three surgeons, at least two of whom had long-standing experience performing the surgery depending on the type of hip fracture: bipolar hemiarthroplasty was used to treat femoral-neck fractures, while the compression hip screw was the fixation method for trochanteric fractures.