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Once the significance EPZ5676 of these interactions was determined (�� = 0.05), we assessed the confounding effects of dietary vitamin D and calcium, sunlight exposure, skin color, and BMI on the relationships between bone turnover markers and serum 25(OH)D and PTH. Potential confounders were included in the full models only if they were associated with the predictor and/or the outcome. We defined confounders a priori as having an impact on the associations of the primary independent variables and outcomes if there was a 10% difference in the crude measure of association after controlling for the potential confounder. All inference was based on two-sided �� = 0.05. One hundred and forty children were originally studied during summer and/or winter. Two were dropped for not having measurements of OC at find more either time point. This left 138 children (black, n = 94; white, n = 44; male, n = 81) with a mean (��?SD) age of 9.1 �� 1.7 years. The majority of the children had paired data with assessments completed during summer and winter (n = 122). Black children were more likely to be obese or overweight, and have a parent-reported Fitzpatrick skin type of IV or V, indicative of darker skin pigmentation (Table?1). The mean daily intake of vitamin D and calcium was >400?IU and 1000?mg during summer and winter in all three groups (Table?2). The percentage of children reporting a daily intake of vitamin D and calcium Oxacillin PTH and OC did not differ between summer and winter in all three groups (Table?2). Seasonal differences in vitamin D status in all participants and by race are given in Table?2. None of the white children was vitamin D deficient (serum 25[OH]D