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The patients were evaluated retrospectively. Researchers measured the collated data for indications of a significant amount of lung cancer occurrences within the group of females who had been exposed to passive smoking. The rate of 5% was chosen to indicate a significant occurrence. Results?Of 152 male patients, 135 were smokers (59.7%). 17 (7.5%) were non-smokers. The age ranged from 32�C82 years. The mean age for male patients selleckchem was 55.97. The mean age for female patients was 52.98. The mean age for all patients was 54.99. All of the participating patients in the study were Thais. Among these 17 non-smoking males, 3 were passive smokers, 1 worked in a chemical factory. There were 74 females, 10 (4.4%) were smokers and 64 (28.3%) were non-smokers. Among 64 non-smoking females, 40 were passive smokers (p?Casein kinase 2 smoking, as well as a re-evaluation of current lung cancer screening practices currently accepted by the medical establishment in Thailand. HIROYOSHI KITAGAWA, NAOYA TAKEDA, AKIRA MATSUI, AYAKO MIYAZAWA, TOSHIYUKI KATOH Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kariya Toyota General Hospital, Aichi, Japan Back Ground?There are some cases that cytological examination of pleural fluid does not allow the detection malignant findings. Methods?We retrospectively reviewed the cytologic and histological findings in 75 patients who underwent medical thoracoscopy under local anesthesia in our institution between 2010 and 2012. Results?26 patients were diagnosed as malignant pleuritis or malignant mesothelioma by histological diagnosis in pleural biopsy. The cytological findings were consistent with the histological diagnosis in 11 patients. The sensitivity of cytologic examination of pleural fluid was 42.3%. The sensitivity including the cases who diagnosed suspected malignancy was 73.1%. 7 cases that were not Trichostatin A cost diagnosed definitively include 2 cases with adenocarcinoma, 2 cases with malignant mesothelioma, 2 cases with metastatic carcinoma and 1 case with small cell carcinoma. There were two cases that the findings were different between cytology and histology. The cytological findings showed adenocarcinoma in the case who diagnosed as small cell carcinoma in histology. The other case diagnosed with adenocarcinoma was obtained finding as malignant cell in cytological examination. Conclusions?The ability of cytologic examination of pleural fluid has limitation. Thoracoscopic pleural biopsy is recommended for diagnosis of malignant pleuritis.