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Our study was restricted to the Pipeline Road site, where forests are second growth, and range from 30 to 200 m in elevation, with canopy heights of ?20�C40 m (Martin and Thomas 2011). Forests in SNP experience a tropical monsoon climate, receiving average rainfalls of ?2100 mm year?1 and mean monthly temperatures of ?27 ��C (Croat 1978). The forests are seasonal, with a 4-month dry season occurring December through April, during which SRT1720 in vivo on the presence of suitable stems, see below) from 24 tree species (Table ?(Table1)1) from each of the two size classes: saplings (��1 m and ��25 cm in height) and large trees (��10 cm DBH). Standardizing large-tree sizes within a more specific DBH range was logistically intractable at our study site due to high species diversity. Species included in the study were common at the sapling stage in the SNP understorey, and common at larger sizes in both SNP and the nearby (UNC2881 species, to shade-tolerant late-successional species. Table 1. Wood chemical traits for 24 Panamanian tree species. Taxonomy, Fluorouracil molecular weight holocellulose content (H), lignin content (L), cellulose : lignin ratios (H : L) and carbon content (Cconv) for Panamanian rainforest tree species at the sapling (subscript ��sap��) ... For large trees, wood core samples were taken at 1.3 m height using a 5.15-mm-diameter increment borer. We cored only trees with straight stems that were free of heart-rot or other visible damage, and all cores were taken in directions parallel to slopes in order to avoid tension-wood biases (Du and Yamamoto 2007). For saplings, we selected individuals that were located in relatively uniform understorey light conditions (assessed by A. R. Martin) that were free of any visible damage (e.g. insect damage, chlorotic leaves, bent stems). We then used pruning shears to remove all foliar elements, and clipped the remaining stem at ?5 cm height above ground. The middle 10-cm portion of the stem was then collected for analysis. All wood samples were placed in a freezer within 4 h of collection to avoid the loss of volatile organic compounds. Sample processing and laboratory analysis All wood samples were prepared and analysed at the University of Toronto, Canada.