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�� 100) and c) flakes of polymerised cement (mag. �� 100). MOM simulator wear tests A total of nine 38 mm MOM were used with three bearings allocated to each debris treatment (wrought, high-carbon CoCr alloy: DJO Surgical, Austin, Texas). A 12-station hip simulator (Shore Western Manufacturing, Monrovia, California) was run under standard guidelines.27,28 The cups were mounted below the femoral heads as is typical for debris-insertion studies (Tables II and III). All chambers were run with a ��clean�� lubricant to 0.8 Mc to complete the run-in wear phase. From 0.8 Mc onwards, 5 mg particle allotments26 see more were added at the beginning of each test interval (n = 10 intervals of 0.5 Mc duration).22 Particles were placed in each cup, loaded with the femoral head, and lubricant added to fill the chambers. Wear analysis was by weight loss and data were analysed by linear regression, with statistical analyses performed using one-way ANOVA and Dunn��s multiple comparisons. Volumetric rates of wear were calculated using specific gravity 8.26 for a CoCr alloy.27 Table II Metal-on-metal (MOM) rates of wear assessed over 0.8 Mc to 5 Mc duration (weight loss in mg/Mc) Table III Metal-on-metal (MOM) rates of wear assessed over 0.8 Mc to 5?Mc duration with volumetric rates of wear in mm3/Mc (shown weight loss as E-64 mm3/Mc) Surface roughness of femoral heads Femoral heads were examined at 2.5 Mc, 3.5 Mc and 5 Mc duration and wear zones marked and photographed pre-analysis. Femoral-head roughness and scratch profiles were measured by white light interferometry (NewView 600, Zygo Corporation, Middlefield, Connecticut). A total of 12 replicated fields of view were taken per wear scar. The large scratches evident in tests with metal debris were individually profiled on one head selected per debris group (n?=?12 measurements). Scratch widths, lip heights and valley depths were compared.26 SEM imaging at 5 Mc duration further characterised the scratch topography, with EDS imaging used to identify surface contaminants (X-flash detector 4010, Bruker AXS, Madison, Wisconsin). Roughness data were assessed using two methods. The main wear zone roughness (MWZ-Ra) was assessed with exclusion of areas containing large scratches i.e. > 20 ?m wide). This provided an indication of the wear-polishing effect in the MWZ-Ra method. The total inclusion method (TWZ-Ra) measured roughness that was typical of areas featuring buy JQ1 large scratches (common after metal-debris challenge). TWZ-Ra data was also used in support of the profiling method of characterising scratch topography. Results MOM simulator wear tests Run-in and steady state wear phases were completed satisfactorily to 0.8 Mc duration with ��clean�� lubricants, all of which retained their golden yellow colour. Following the PMMA challenge (0.8 Mc to 5 Mc), the wear trends were satisfactorily linear (Table II: regression coefficients > 0.9). The resulting MOM rates of wear were