The Entire Scientific Research Behind Bleomycin

equiseti, and F. oxysporum were less common in walnuts in Egypt. Bacchetti and Arp,25 on the other PRDX4 hand, reported the isolation of a P. crustosum strain from moldy walnuts; this isolate was able to produce penitrem A toxin. In our study, pecans had minimal fungal contamination. This is in contrast with past studies that reported the presence of various mold contaminants in pecans with potential to produce mycotoxins.11,26 Schroeder and Hein11 demonstrated the presence of A. flavus (found in 43% of the samples) and A. glaucus (encountered in 35% of tested samples) in in-shell pecans; these organisms are known to produce ST. Trucksess et al,26 on the other hand, reported that some A. flavus and A. tamarii strains isolated from pecans were capable of producing cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Propylene oxide (PO) or other fungicidal treatment(s) applied to pecans after harvest may be responsible for the low YM numbers found in our study. Blanchard and Hanlin27 demonstrated that PO application caused the destruction of 80%�C92% of surface microorganisms. Duvelisib in vitro Among the dried fruits tested during our experiment, only raisins showed a notable degree of fungal invasion, mainly by A. niger. Past studies also showed similar mold profiles in raisins. Iamanaka et al28 reported that raisins (black and white sultanas) were contaminated with potentially toxigenic molds. The most frequently isolated fungi from that study were A. niger, followed by A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius. The presence of this group of fungi is troublesome because they are capable of producing mycotoxins in vine fruits. In general, members of the A. niger aggregate (eg, A. niger and A. tubingensis) were found to be more prevalent on grapes than A. carbonarius but a much higher percentage of the A. carbonarius strains were OTA producers.29�C31 According to Iamanaka et al,28 15% of A. niger, 60% of A. carbonarius, and 87% of A. ochraceus strains isolated from black and white sultanas were able to produce OTA. The latter study also revealed the presence of OTA in 33% of the black sultana samples at levels above 5 ng g?1. OTA-producing A. niger var. niger and A. tubingensis were also isolated Bleomycin from dried vine fruits or grapes by other investigators,3,32�C34 while aflatoxin-producing A. flavus was isolated from grapes in Lebanon.35 According to our findings, a small percentage of the dried apricot and cranberry samples contained very low levels of penicillia, while papaya was free of live fungi. Iamanaka et al28 also reported the absence of live molds from some dried fruits including apricots. Scarcity or absence of live fungi from these commodities perhaps was due to a postharvest microbe-destructing treatment.36 Conclusions From the results of our study and past literature, it is obvious that mold and mycotoxin contamination of tree nuts and raisins is an ongoing problem.