The Key Of Transforming Into A huge Prosperous LY2157299 Pro

In this task, children are asked to sort cards that have two dimensions, such as color and shape (e.g., red stars, blue cars). During the prestwich phase, children are asked to sort cards according to one dimension (e.g., color). During the postswitch phase, children are asked to sort the cards according to the other dimension (e.g., shape). Most 3-year-olds correctly perform the prestwich phase, but show difficulty with the postswitch phase. Zelazo et al. (2003) proposed that children have to reflect on conflicting rule representations and formulate higher-order rule systems that resolve the conflict on the DCCS tasks (but see also, Kirkham et al., 2003; Kloo and Perner, 2005). Importantly, reflection training improved children��s performances on the DCCS tasks and the N2 components (Espinet et al., 2013). Given that, if teaching facilitates reflective processing, children who teach the rule of the DCCS tasks would improve the performances on the DCCS tasks. In this study, children were given the DCCS task during the first session and second session, and an intervention was given between the sessions. During the intervention, children interacted and talked with a personified object, and taught the rule of the DCCS task to it. In Study 1, we conducted a behavioral experiment. In Study 2, we BAY 73-4506 measured the activation of the lateral prefrontal regions using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The differences in prefrontal activations between the first and second sessions were then compared. Study 1 Materials and Methods Participants Thirty-two preschool Japanese children [aged 43.0 �� 3.0 months (mean �� SD)] participated in this study. Eight of the children performed the DCCS tasks perfectly in the first session, and were excluded from the analyses. Thus, 24 children [aged 43.0 �� 2.8 months (mean �� SD), 11 boys and 13 girls] comprised the final sample of the study. There were two experimental groups: a doll group and a control group. Children were randomly assigned to the two experimental groups. There were no significant age or sex differences between the groups (t