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5�C0.9, p?Ion Channel Ligand Library the data, thereby allowing an estimation of the fixed effects of measured variables on volume change, whilst incorporating the longitudinal nature of the data by including within-person variation as nested random effects. Age was centred on 7?years, which represented the minimum age included in the sample. Tanner stage was treated as a continuous variable for this analysis, allowing the model to incorporate changing Tanner stage and changing brain volume for each individual. For each structure, volume was first modelled against Tanner stage (Tanner-only model), and linear, quadratic or cubic developmental trajectories were modelled. Males and females were modelled separately, to allow for different trajectories of growth through adolescence (Lenroot et al., 2007). Tanner stage was treated as a continuous variable to allow the model to account for movement of individuals between stages and to selleck maintain the ordinal nature of the data. The equations for volume growth of a structure in relation to Tanner stage are: Linearmodel:Volume=Intercept+��1TannerQuadraticmodel:Volume=Intercept+��1Tanner+��2Tanner2Cubicmodel:Volume=Intercept+��1Tanner+��2Tanner2+��3Tanner3where ��1, ��2 and ��3 represent the constant terms defining the effects of each fixed term. To determine whether a cubic, quadratic or linear growth model with Tanner stage best fit the sample, an F test was performed on models where the marginal p-value of the highest order variable was significant (p?PIK-3 necessary to consider the effects of age on the developmental trajectories of the subcortical volumes, to see whether this could explain all of the puberty-related effects, and to establish whether models including age with puberty were a better fit than puberty models alone. Therefore, age was incorporated into the model to ascertain whether there were (i) dissociable main effects of Tanner stage and age, and/or (ii) a Tanner stage by age interactive effect. The model including the main effects of both Tanner stage and age and the tanner by age interaction is referred to as the combined model (Volume?=?Intercept?+?��1(Tanner)?+?��2?(Age)?+?��3?(Tanner???Age)), whilst the model including only the Tanner stage by age interaction is referred to as the interaction-only model (Volume?=?��1?(Tanner???Age). Lastly, an age-only model was estimated (using linear, quadratic and cubic growth options as above).