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Meltzer wrote in 1899 that ���� the phenomenon of inhibition is distrusted in physiology, had to fight on general grounds at every step for the establishment of any new fact, and has still to fight for recognition as an heptaminol independent vital force.�� ( Meltzer, 1899; p. 661). Nevertheless, it is possible to recognize in the work of many authors the principle that higher-order brain structures control lower-order ones, consistently with the nowadays accepted role of phylogenetically recent brain regions (prefrontal lobes) in restraining and controlling primitive instincts and passions originating in older brain structures. The idea that attention and inhibition are closely related was also already present in the early psychophysiological theories (e.g., Ferrier, 1876?and?Volkmann, 1838a). It was only at the turn of the 20th century that the concept of inhibition was widely accepted in neurophysiology and linked to the name and works of Sherrington (1906). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932 for Physiology or Medicine for his work on neural inhibition as a fundamental principle in the organization of the central nervous system. The beginning of the 20th century was also the turning point for the concept of inhibition in the behavioral sciences and the period in which the first attempts to systematically classify different types of inhibition were made. Meltzer (1899) published a practical classification of forms of inhibition for physiologists and, three decades later, Skaggs (1929) presented a systematic description of the major categories of inhibition in psychology making the first distinction between Selleckchem Vorinostat voluntary (or active) and involuntary selleck chemical (or passive) forms of inhibition. In their psychological dictionary, English and English (1958) listed at least 22 types of inhibition, some of which are summarized in Table 1. In his work on conditioned reflexes, Pavlov (1927; p. 377) described excitation and inhibition ����as two fundamental properties, the most important manifestations of activity, of the living nervous elements.�� The concept of inhibition was thoroughly developed by Pavlov with the distinction between different subtypes including external (or indirect) and internal (or direct) inhibition ( Reid, 1960). His ��external inhibition�� is more akin to passive avoidance ( Ursin, 2005) and primarily originates outside the brain regions where the reflex response is initiated. Stimuli eliciting orienting or defensive responses would be particularly powerful generators of external inhibition. On the other hand, ��internal inhibition�� corresponds to what is usually called ��extinction�� (misleadingly, according to Pilkington and McKellar, 1960) of a conditioned response. Pavlov thought that as a result of extinction training a previously excitatory conditioned stimulus becomes inhibitory under definite conditions, rather than merely returning to its neutral pre-conditioning state.