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We calculated YPLL to life expectancy (YPLL) and median YPLL [Wise et al., 1988] using the numbers of deaths for each race, gender, and age at death multiplied by life expectancy obtained from life tables published annually by NCHS (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/life_tables.htm) LDN 193189 and the following formula: We calculated YPLL before age 65 (YPLL65) and median YPLL65 for decedents aged 25�C64 years at death using the difference between the age of a decedent at death and 65, the upper limit of traditional working life [O'Lorcain et al., 2007] and the following formula: YPLLs were internally adjusted by age, sex, and year. Since the 2009�C2010 life-expectancy tables were not yet published by NCHS, the 2008 life expectancy C646 in vivo tables were used for calculating YPLLs that occurred in 2009�C2010. We used SAS? software version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) nonparametric methods for data analysis. To calculate the median YPLL, PROC SUMMARY was used to calculate the 50th percentile of the YPLL distribution for demographic category (sex, race) and each state. To assess time trends we first calculated annual YPLL and YPLL65 for each disease. Then, using a Wilcoxon signed rank test [Gibbons, 1976], we assessed the significance of time-trends based on year-to-year differences over the entire 10-year period. We used the Kruskal�CWallis test [Gibbons, 1976] to compare median YPLLs by gender and race. All tests were 2-sided and differences with P?Etomidate than that for whites (9.9; P?