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This complexity may be required to ensure that the spindle is at the right place at the right time. The process of spindle positioning has long fascinated scientists, and continues to do so. Spindles play an important role in embryos as their location within the cell has a significant impact on subsequent development. selleck products In the future, it will be imperative to be able to establish how all of the different factors��e.g., cell shape, molecular motors, the cytoskeleton, and polarity proteins��work together to establish the position of the spindle. The authors would like to acknowledge NSF grant MCB 1244425, which supported the generation of this review. ""Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 870�C877 We describe a large series of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), and the risk factors and incidence of the disease in patients with isolation of Aspergillus from lower respiratory tract samples. From 2000 to 2007, we retrospectively studied all patients admitted with COPD and isolation of Aspergillus (239; 16.3/1000 admissions). Multivariate logistic regression and survival curves were used. Fifty-three patients had probable IPA (3.6 cases of IPA per 1000 COPD admissions). IPA affects at least 22.1% of patients with COPD and isolation of Aspergillus check details in culture. In 33 of the 53 patients with probable IPA, serum galactomannan was determined; in 14 (42.4%) of these, the result was positive. Five variables were independent predictors of IPA with statistical significance: admission to the intensive-care unit, chronic heart failure, antibiotic treatment received in the 3?months prior to admission, the accumulated dosage of corticosteroids equivalent to >700?mg prednisone Thalidomide received in the 3?months prior to admission, and the similar accumulated dosage of corticosteroids received from admission to the first clinical isolation of Aspergillus. Multivariate analysis gave an area under the curve of 0.925 (95%?CI?0.888�C0.962; p?