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Water-maze escape latencies were analyzed over trials using repeated measures ANOVA. For the probe test of MWM, the time spent in the training quadrant was analyzed vs. the chance level (15?s), and for novel object recognition preference for the new object during the retention trail was analyzed vs. the chance level of 50% using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The level of statistical significance was set at p? of mice lacking Ppar-��, and we interpreted the preference for the familiar object during the object recognition task as indicative of a repetitive/perseverative behavioral trait. To further explore this repetitive/perseverative phenotype, mice were assessed in a marble burying test, wherein mice are scored for the number of marbles they bury from the top of the bedding as an index for repetitive/perseverative behavior and compulsion [12]. We observed that Ppar-��??/? mice buried significantly more marbles than wild type littermates (Figure?1B), indicative of Sitaxentan greater repetitive/perseverative behavior. Figure?1 Ppar-��??/? mice display enhanced behavioral perseveration and repetition. (A)Ppar-��??/? mice display enhanced perseveration for the familiar object in the novel object recognition ... The novel object and marble burying assays investigate the response of mice to unfamiliar objects; however, we also considered whether repetitive behavior was also evident in the home cage environment. We scored mice on home cage behavior and observed that Ppar-��??/? mice exhibited a significant increase in self-grooming behavior (Figure?1C). Furthermore, by 3 months of age, Ppar-��??/? mice developed facial hair loss and sporadic skin lesions (Figure?1D), and the severity of this phenotype increased with age (Figure?1E). This phenomenon did not occur in wild type littermates, even when co-housed with Ppar-��??/? mice, and is consistent with behavioral repetition and grooming endophenotypes observed in other genetic mouse models [13�C15]. Collectively, these data provide converging evidence of increased repetitive and perseverative behavior as a consequence Ppar-�� loss of function.