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Fig.?2. Schematic representation selleck inhibitor of dendritic and axonal central secretion of vasopressin from a magnocellular neuron of the paraventricular nucleus. (A) Vasopressin release from dendrites of magnocellular cells (green) is in close proximity to somato dendritic ... The central, ��axonal�� release of vasopressin and oxytocin targeting the brain amygdala expressing vasopressin and oxytocin receptors. Here, oxytocin decreases anxiety and stress and facilitates social encounters, maternal care and the extinction of conditioned avoidance behavior in rodents. At the same anatomical level, activation of vasopressin receptors will have opposite effects: vasopressin enhances aggressiveness, anxiety, stress levels and the consolidation of memory [5, 6]. Other central projections of vasopressinergic neurons towards the ventral pallidum, lateral septum, retrosplenial cortex and anterior hypothalamus participate in pair bonding in monogamous voles and possibly in humans [7, 8]. After release from the axonal selleckchem nerve terminals, at the posterior pituitary level, circulating vasopressin will rapidly engage vasopressin V2 receptors in the principal cells of the collecting duct and lead to the rapid insertion of aquaporin 2 water channels: as a consequence, an adult patient with central diabetes insipidus treated with vasopressin will benefit from the transcellular water reabsorption of 12�C14 L of final urine presented normally at the beginning of the collecting duct, his urine excretion will only be ATPase into the general circulation Anatomy of vasopressin secretion from axon terminals Circulating plasma vasopressin is synthetized by a few (around 10 000 in the rat, 100 000 in humans) large (magnocellular) neurons whose cell bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus [3]. Each magnocellular neuron has one axon that projects to the posterior pituitary, where it gives rise to ?10 000 neurosecretory endings that are packed with large dense-core vesicles (LDCV) containing the products of the vasopressin (AVP) gene: vasopressin itself, neurophysin II and copeptin.