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We investigated the tissue properties of TCLs extracted from eight cadaver arms and divided into six tissue samples from the distal radial, distal middle, distal ulnar, proximal radial, proximal middle, and proximal ulnar regions. The 5% and 15% strains were applied biaxially to each sample at rates of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1%/s. Ligament thickness ranged from 1.22 to 2.90?mm. Samples from the middle of the TCL were thicker proximally than distally (p?selleck Modulus was greatest in the proximal radial samples (mean 2.8?MPa), which were 64% and 44% greater than the distal radial and proximal ulnar samples, respectively. Samples from the middle had a modulus that was 20�C39% greater in the proximal versus more distal samples. The TCL exhibited different properties within different locations and in particular greater moduli were found near the carpal bone attachments. These properties contribute to the understanding of carpal tunnel mechanics that is critical to understanding disorders of the wrist. ? 2011 MAPK inhibitor Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:757�C763, 2012 ""The most common histological finding in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is non-inflammatory fibrosis and thickening of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) in the tunnel. While the cause of SSCT fibrosis and the relationship of SSCT fibrosis and CTS are unknown, one hypothesis is that SSCT injury causes fibrosis, and that the fibrosis then leads to CTS. We investigated the sensitivity of the SSCT to injuries. Two types of surgical interventions were performed in a rabbit model: A skin incision with tendon laceration and SSCT stretching sufficient to damage the SSCT, and skin incision alone. Twelve weeks after surgery, the rabbit carpal tunnel tissues were studied with Alizarin immunochemistry for TGF-�� receptors 1, 2, and 3, collagen III, and collagen VI. All TGF-�� receptors were expressed. The percentages of the TGF-�� receptors' expressions were less in the control SSCT fibroblasts than in the fibroblasts from rabbits with surgical interventions. The surgical interventions did not result in any alteration of collagen III expression. However, both surgical interventions resulted in a significant decrease in collagen VI expression compared to the control group. The two surgical interventions achieved similar expression of TGF-�� receptors and collagens. Our results provide evidence that the SSCT is sensitive to surgical interventions, even when these are modest. Since SSCT fibrosis is a hallmark of CTS, these data also suggest that such fibrosis could result from relatively minor trauma. ? 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. ? 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.