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Pines can reach high evaporation rates as well in suitable climates (Table?2) (Waterloo et al. 1999), sometimes with very high interception rates (Calder 1991). The results of these studies cannot always be compared directly because some of the catchments were only partially afforested. When the reductions are expressed as millimetres per 10 % planted, they vary between sites based on growing conditions: Src inhibitor 20�C53 mm/year for Pinus radiata (warm climate, high winter rainfall, deep soils, Jonkershoek), 36�C60 mm/year for Pinus patula (cold climate, high summer rainfall, deep fertile soils Cathedral Peak) and 48 mm/year (Sabie, warm climate, high summer rainfall, deep fertile soils), to 48�C50 mm/year, for E. grandis (Tzaneen, similar to Sabie) (Scott et al. 2000a). Some species may have relatively high evaporation rates although they are not trees, for example Chromolaena and Lantana (Table?2). Data for plantations of the major species were also given by Meijninger and Jarmain (2009) and Jarmain and Meijninger (2012). They were lower than those reported for catchment studies: pines in the Western Cape 735 �� 215 mm/year, eucalypts and wattles in KwaZulu-Natal were 690 �� 190 and 615 �� 140 mm/year, respectively, but still higher GDC-0941 supplier than the natural vegetation they had replaced. Early studies of interception in eucalyptus plantations in Mpumalanga and pines in Jonkershoek (Western Cape) found that they were typically low for plantation tree species because of the high intensity of rainfall and temporal pattern of events (diglyceride efficiency is also an important factor, with the key difference between native and introduced tree species being the slow growth rates of the native tree species rather than differences in water-use (transpiration rates) (Wise et al. 2011). A couple of studies were of herbaceous weeds and found substantial changes in water-use relative to natural vegetation which are likely to result in changes in water flows. A decrease of 56 % in runoff after simulated rainfall was observed in an area of perennial grassland invaded by the thistle Centaurea maculosa (Lacey et al. 1989).