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(2012) study would be disingenuous. However, we argue that similar underlying processes are at play. Bien et al. (2012) found that congruent cross-modal mappings elicited a larger P2 response, which was diminished after using TMS on the right intraparietal area hypothesized to be responsible for multisensory integration. Bien et al. (2012) link an increased P2 response with congruent multisensory integration between two sensory modalities; we follow that interpretation in suggesting that our results represent the sensory integration between sound and coactivated sensory information. The present study also appears to contrast with audio-click here visual multisensory integration processes where hearing speech and viewing congruent speech articulation results in a decreased P2 amplitude when compared to unimodal presentation of hearing speech alone (Wassenhove et al., 2005). However, the two modalities used in typical audio-visual integration studies involve two sensory aspects of one external audio-visual object, and the two modalities directly represent the same object. On the other hand, this study and Bien et al.��s (2012) study compare two sensory aspects from two separate origins; sound and size in Bien et al. (2012), and sound and elicited-by-association sensory information in this study. It is not implausible that multisensory integration processes are different depending on whether the senses being integrated are coming from the same source or not. A further limitation of this study was that we were not able to obtain imageability and concreteness ratings for all the stimuli used in both conditions, as adverbs in general and ideophones particularly are not used in rating studies as often as nouns and verbs. Given that descriptions of ideophones in the literature refer to their vividness and intensity, it could well be that word imageability may contribute to the effects found here. Similarly, orthographic neighborhood was not calculated and could be a confound, but this seems unlikely as orthographic neighborhood tends to be linked to the N400 component rather than the P2 or late positive complex (Holcomb et al., 2002). Finally, another potential interpretation is that the P2 effect represents a visual process. The visual P2 has also been linked to various cognitive processes involving memory in priming tasks (Freunberger et al., 2007), as well as visual features in selective attention tasks with higher amplitudes elicited by expected visual features (Federmeier and Kutas, 2002). However, this experiment was designed with no additional working memory task or visual feature detection task, the memory requirements were limited and the visual features of the adverbs were consistent across trials, and a control experiment with non-Japanese speaking Dutch participants failed to find any visual effect. Therefore, a phonological processing and sensory integration interpretation of the P2 effect here appears most likely.