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Some emerging tourist destinations (Botswana, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia and Malawi) are known foci and may pose a risk for travellers [51,52]. Of note, the manifestations of T.?b.?gambiense Transducin and T.?b.?rhodesiense HAT in travellers appear more similar than in patients from endemic countries, with prominence of acute febrile disease with trypanosomal chancres (Fig. 3) and rash, and severe haematological or electrolyte disturbances [43,45,53]. The only relevant preventive measure for sleeping sickness in travellers is the avoidance of tsetse fly bites. Tsetse flies are attracted to dark colours, particularly blue and black, and to the motion of vehicles. Tsetse flies are capable of biting through loose weave fabrics and are less affected by many insect repellents. In travellers, personal preventive measures may comprise travelling in cars with screened/closed windows, use of insect repellent containing at least 30%N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (or DEET), and the use of insecticide-treated thick-weave clothing that is khaki or olive in colour [54]. Finally, in individuals bitten by a tsetse fly, a close monitoring of the bite site and body temperature for 3?weeks is warranted. Transmission following accidental self-inoculation in a laboratory worker has been exceptionally reported [55]. Even though some areas at risk are not covered by control and surveillance programmes, most foci of sleeping sickness are historical and well known [56]. Theoretical conditions Staurosporine for transmission break down seem to be obvious with regard to the constraints related to the biological cycle of HAT, at least for T.?b.?gambiense infection in which animals are not a substantial reservoir. Herein, transmission through the vector is complex and slow, with GSK126 datasheet persons can initially remain asymptomatic for long periods, acting as a silent reservoir. Hence, the most important control measure for T.?b.?gambiense disease is active case-finding by mobile teams followed by treatment of all infected patients [1,3]. Passive screening at health-care facilities for the T.?b.?gambiense and T.?b.?rhodesiense infections is also crucial. In addition, vector control by use of tsetse fly traps or screens helps to reduce fly density [57]. In some areas, such vector control activities are mainly implemented within the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign of the African Union. This goal is achieved through an integrated strategy approach that combines insecticide spraying, traps and the very-high-cost sterile insect technique, although others argue for the use of simple technologies such as traps in combination with insecticides [58,59]. In regions where T.?b.