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Although controversial, there are some practices that might minimize the risk for congenital infection. The saliva and urine of infected children are significant sources of CMV infection among women who are pregnant. Prevention behaviours (i.e. hand washing whenever there is contact with a child��s saliva or urine, not sharing drinking glasses or eating utensils with young children, and not kissing young children on the mouth or cheek) appear to be generally acceptable. Education of pregnant women about the implication Selleckchem PI3K inhibitor of acquiring CMV infection is vital. In a study where seronegative mothers with a child in group day care were instructed on measures to prevent CMV transmission, pregnant mothers had a significantly lower rate of CMV infection when compared with non-pregnant mothers attempting conception [13]. Recently, Vauloup-Fellous et?al. [14] reported that hygiene counselling given during pregnancy reduces the CMV seroconversion rate. Hygienic intervention for CMV-seronegative pregnant women in both Europe and the United States is now appropriate. The development of a CMV vaccine is one of the highest Alectinib nmr health priorities, but availability of a licensed vaccine to prevent CMV infection in seronegative individuals is not imminent. In 2009, Pass et?al. published the first results of a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of vaccine consisting of recombinant CMV envelope glycoprotein B with MF59 adjuvant. The authors conclude that CMV glycoprotein B vaccine has the potential to decrease Tryptophan synthase incident cases of maternal and congenital CMV infection but future studies, such as a phase 3 clinical trial, are needed to confirm the efficacy of this vaccine [15]. Currently, no therapeutic options during pregnancy are available except for clinical trials. Recent data in the literature have focused on the efficacy of preventive administration of CMV immunoglobulins [16] or antiviral drugs (valacyclovir) [17] to pregnant women with primary CMV infection to reduce the rate of vertical transmission and improve neonatal outcome. The first multicentre study (CHIP study: Congenital HCMV Infection Prevention��Clinical Trials.gov ID NCT00881517) was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial (phase 2) for the evaluation of the efficacy of CMV-specific hyperimmune globulin Cytotect?, (Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany) administration in pregnant women with the acute phase of primary CMV infection for prevention of intrauterine transmission. This experimental study began in February 2010 in Italy, enrolment ended in March 2011 and the study will be completed in December 2011.