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HPSA is classified into full-HPSA, partial (only a portion of the county was classified as a HPSA), and a non-HPSA. A HPSA is classified based on geographic area and population size (e.g., primary care physician ratio of less than 3,500 binedaline to 1) (43). Rural areas were defined as having a UIC of ��3 versus urban/metropolitan defined as having a UIC of 1�C2. UICs take into consideration the population size and, for rural areas, the relative proximity to metropolitan or micropolitan areas (44). We used ArcGIS version 10.2 for all mapping of data presented in the figures (45). Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical study variables and independent sample t-tests were used to assess differences in continuous variables. We used SAS version 9.4 for all statistical analyses (46). Variables Vulnerability Vulnerable adults are the focus of our analysis. Acknowledging that vulnerability can be defined in numerous ways, the operational definition of vulnerability used in this study includes participants meeting one or more of the following criteria: being in advanced age (i.e., age 75 and older), having selleck screening library low income (i.e., self-reporting an annual household income Selleck Talazoparib was included in analyses, as we did not assume this was missing at random. Handling missing data As described elsewhere (50), the AoA initiative required only a few participant level variables be collected, including age, sex, living alone status, race/ethnicity, and ZIP Code. Even this limited number of variables was not collected routinely by all state grantees; however, some states chose to routinely collect information related to chronic conditions and income. Missingness (i.e., missing data) was addressed independently according to the analysis performed and variables included. Independently (i.e., only considering each variable��s missingness exclusive of other missing variables), our sample size (n?=?48,413) was gradually reduced when removing missing observations for race (n?=?37,661), sex (n?=?39,488), county Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) (n?=?36,599), age (n?=?35,248), the number of chronic conditions (n?=?22,007), and income (n?=?22,956).