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The aim of this work was to study subgingival microorganisms and early carotid lesions in subjects with and without periodontitis. Material and Methods:? Eighty-eight subjects with periodontitis and 40 subjects without periodontitis underwent dental examinations in 2003. The presence of the periodontal microorganisms Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Tannerella forsythia was analyzed from subgingival plaque using PCR amplification. The common carotid artery BGJ398 in vivo was scanned using ultrasound and the calculated intima-media area (cIMA) was measured. The association between periodontitis, the cIMA value and the presence of periodontal microorganisms, together with several confounders, was studied in a multiple logistic regression model. Results:? Smoking [odds ratio (OR)?=?5.64; p?=?0.001), level of education (OR?=?5.02; p?HCS assay P.?gingivalis were significantly associated with increased cIMA values. ""Nu?ez J, Sanz M, Hoz-Rodr��guez L, Zeichner-David M, Arzate H. Human cementoblasts express enamel-associated molecules in vitro and in vivo. J Periodont Res 2010; 45: 809�C814. ? 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background Unoprostone and Objective:? Cementum is a mineralized tissue that facilitates the attachment of periodontal ligament to the root and surrounding alveolar bone and plays a key role in the regeneration of periodontal tissues. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cementoblasts, however, have not been elucidated to date. Enamel molecules are believed to regulate cementoblast differentiation and to initiate the formation of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum. The purpose of this study was therefore to isolate and culture human root-derived cells (HRDC) in order to determine whether they are able to express both cementum and specific enamel proteins and subsequently to confirm these findings in vivo. Material and Methods:? Human root-derived cells were isolated and expanded in vitro. Cells were characterized using RT-PCR, immunostaining, western blotting and by examination of total mRNA to determine the expression of cementum and enamel markers.