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""Background:? Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-associated renal dysfunction following cardiac surgery is well recognized. In patients with renal disease, cystatin C has emerged as a new biomarker which in contrast to creatinine (Cr) is sensitive to minor changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Aim:? We utilized cystatin C to investigate the association of CPB perfusion parameters with acute renal injury after pediatric cardiac surgery. Methods:? Twenty children, aged www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html 4�C58?months (AVSD, n?=?7; VSD, n?=?9; and ASD, n?=?4), were prospectively studied. Glomerular filtration rate was quantified postoperatively by creatinine clearance (first and second 12-h periods; CrCl0�C12 and CrCl12�C24). Serum cystatin C and Cr were measured preoperatively and on days 0�C3. Recorded CPB parameters included bypass duration (BP), perfusion pressure (PP), lowest pump flow (Qmin), lowest hematocrit, and corresponding lowest oxygen delivery (DO2?min). Myocardial injury was determined by troponin-I. Results:? Postoperatively, GFR remained unchanged (CrCl0�C12 63.6?��?37.0 vs CrCl12�C24 65.1?��?27.5; P?=?0.51) and only correlated with cystatin C (CrCl0�C12 vs cystatin CDay0 [r?=?0.58, P?=?0.018] and CrDay0 [r?=?0.09, CAPNS1 P?=?0.735]). Cr and cystatin C increased postoperatively to peak on days 2 and 3, respectively (CrPreOp 31?��?6.9 vs CrDay2 36.9?��?12.2, P?=?0.03; cystatin CDay0 0.83?��?0.27 vs cystatin CDay3 1.45?��?0.53, P?=?0.02). Increased cystatin C was significantly associated with BP (P?=?0.001), mean PP (P?=?0.029), Qmin (P?=?0.005), troponin-I (P?1.044?mg��l?1 for cystatin C exhibited 100% sensitivity and 67% specificity for detecting renal dysfunction, defined as GFR Dolutegravir clinical trial group, an anesthesiologist advanced the tracheal tube, while another anesthesiologist auscultated bilateral breath sounds to detect the change and/or disappearance of unilateral breath sounds. In the visualization group, the stethoscope was used to detect changes in breath sounds and/or disappearance of unilateral breath sounds. The distance from the edge of the mouth to the carina was measured using a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Forty pediatric patients were enrolled in the study. At the point at which irregular breath sounds were auscultated, the tracheal tube was located at 0.5?��?0.8?cm on the bronchial side from the carina.