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J. Med. Virol. 86:2177??2180, 2014. ? Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. ""Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a high prevalence among hemodialysis and renal transplant patients. Data regarding genotype distribution in these populations are scarce and are still under investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of HBV genotypes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD)-patients and renal transplant patients and to compare with the distribution observed in immunocompetent patients from the same geographic region. From a population of 213 patients evaluated initially, 120 patients with detectable HBV-DNA were included in the study and submitted to genotype determination by amplification of S gene by nested PCR followed by sequencing method. Among 41 hemodialysis patients Crenolanib nmr the most frequent genotype was D (83%), followed by genotype A (10%), C (5%), and F (2%). Genotype D was also the most prevalent (73%) among 33 renal transplant patients, followed by genotype A (18%), F (6%), and B (3%). This distribution RecBCD was similar in these two groups of patients and for the comparative analysis they were considered in the kidney disease group. Compared to immunocompetents, patients with kidney disease (ESRD and renal transplant patients) showed a distinct distribution, with a higher prevalence of genotype D (78% vs. 17%, P?Antidiabetic Compound Library In conclusion, the higher frequency of genotype A in immunocompetent patients and of genotype D in patients with renal disease suggest a higher capacity of environmental transmission or a better adaptability of this genotype in patients with a different pattern of immunologic response. J. Med. Virol. 84:1548�C1552, 2012. ? 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen. While there has been extensive research into the evolutionary relationships among herpesviruses, there is little data on the evolutionary relationship of HSV-1 based on sequence analysis of clinical isolates. The present study aims to be the first to document the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity and frequency of recombination of HSV-1 (n?=?42) clinical isolates in Ireland. The entire 1,171?bp of the gI-1 gene and 717?bp of the gG-1 gene of 42 clinical Irish isolates were amplified, sequenced and the phylogenies reconstructed. Putative recombinants were examined using bootscan analysis. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the nucleotide sequence alignments of the entire genes of amplified glycoproteins gI and gG suggested that three distinct HSV-1 genogroups were circulating in the Irish population. At least 15 HSV-1 intergenic recombinants with a recombination point between gI and gG, and 11 HSV-1 intragenic recombinants were detected.