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The Wellcome Trust (Programme grant 083148) funded the study. The Wolfson Trust and the Epilepsy Society support the MRI scanner. Gavin Winston was supported by an MRC Clinical Research Training Fellowship (G0802012). Fundacion Caja Madrid supports Dr M. Centeno. This work was undertaken at UCLH/UCL who received a proportion of funding from the Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. We are grateful to the radiographers at the Epilepsy Society, Philippa Bartlett and Jane Burdett, who scanned the patients and to all our subjects and our colleagues Dimethyl sulfoxide for their enthusiastic cooperation. ""Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are small, frequently perivascular collections of brain parenchymal hemosiderins induced by prior hemorrhage. On MR T2*-weighted gradient echo (GRE) magnitude images, CMBs appear as small, rounded, hypointense lesions of variable size due to susceptibility-related signal loss within iron-containing hemosiderins that accumulate paramagnetic ferric atoms (Charidimou and Werring, 2011, Cordonnier et al., 2007?and?Greenberg et al., 2009). Since the susceptibility effect scales linearly with magnetic field strength, the contrast of selleck chemical CMBs is greatly enhanced by higher field strengths (e.g., at 3?T or 7?T) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) (Ayaz et al., 2010, Conijn et al., 2011?and?Nandigam et al., 2009). Because this heightened contrast has facilitated the detection of CMBs, there is a growing interest in exploring their diagnostic and prognostic values in diseases such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) (Greenberg et Ibrutinib mw al., 1999), stroke (Cordonnier et al., 2007, Fiehler, 2006?and?Werring et al., 2005); neurodegenerative disorders (Cordonnier and van der Flier, 2011), traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Scheid et al., 2003), and radiation therapy-induced injury in patients with gliomas (the most common brain tumors) (Lupo et al., 2012). Although their putative role in neurocognitive function and implications for clinical management are still being evaluated (Charidimou and Werring, 2011, Cordonnier et al., 2007?and?Greenberg et al., 2009), there is accumulating evidence that CMBs reflect the severity of microvascular damage in the brain due to microangiopathy (Vernooij et al., 2008), TBI (Scheid et al., 2003), or radiation therapy (Lupo et al., 2012). Visual inspection of CMBs on MR images is especially difficult due to their small size (with radii often