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Equivalence was established if the 95% CI of the adjusted mean difference fell within the equivalence margin of ��0.25 SD. Should the 95% CI fall out of ��0.25 SD, the equivalence is still acceptable if it does not exceed ��0.5 SD, which is the threshold or upper limit for a small detectable change [37]. A total of 328 patients participated in the study, of which 185 (56.4%) were English-speaking and 143 (43.6%) were Chinese-speaking Thalidomide (Table 2). The mean age of all the patients was 51.8 �� 9.7 years. The majority of the patients were Chinese (86.2%) with early-stage breast cancer. Statistically significant differences were not observed among the demographic and clinical characteristics such as marital status, hemoglobin level, presence of comorbidities, cancer staging, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, receipt of endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and complementary alternative medicine. The Chinese-speaking patients, however, were older than their English-speaking counterparts (55.1 �� 8.3 years vs. 49.3 �� 10.0 years, P PCI-32765 P = 0.005), and were largely postmenopausal (51.9% vs. 63.6%, P = .034). These demographic and health differences could be attributed to the disparity in ages between the English- and Chinese-speaking patients. The mean scores for FACT-Cog total and domains scores are summarized in Table 3. The mean FACT-Cog total score for all patients was 127.0 �� 19.6. The English-speaking patients reported a mean cognitive functioning score of 127.3 �� 20.7, while the Chinese-speaking patients reported a mean cognitive functioning score of 126.6 �� 18.0. Total FACT-Cog scores and cognitive domain scores for English and Chinese versions did not differ statistically, with the exception of the multitasking domain. (This will be discussed further under the Measurement Equivalence of the English and Chinese Versions section.) The mean cognitive functioning scores from the QLQ-C30 showed no statistical differences between the Selleck PARP inhibitor English- and Chinese-speaking groups (88.1 �� 17.9 and 89.6 �� 14.2, respectively) (Table 4). Statistically different scores, however, were observed between the English- and Chinese-speaking patients in the following HRQOL domains of the QLQ-C30: physical functioning (P = .003), role functioning (P = .0001), emotional functioning (P = .002), social functioning (P = .004), fatigue (P