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?1). Increasing rates of exclusive breastfeeding and discouraging the use of breast milk substitutes would help improve health of Indonesian infants and their mothers. According to the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) [Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik �C BPS) and Macro International 2008], half the children at 6�C8 months did not consume carotene-rich fruit and vegetables the day and night before the survey, while only about 30% of breastfeeding and 40% of non-breastfeeding Fludarabine mw infants consumed meat, fish, poultry and eggs. Only 42% of breastfed and 51% of non-breastfed children 6�C23 months of age consumed foods made with fat or oil. It can be assumed that if these children's intake of animal-source foods is also low, they are likely to consume low levels of essential fatty acids, especially if they are not breastfed. Continued breastfeeding ensures children receive the nutrients in breast milk that they cannot attain in adequate amounts from food (such as calcium and high-quality protein) unless they are fed with other animal and milk products. But of non-breastfed children aged 12-17 months, 24% received no milk products on the preceding day; and at the age of 18�C23 months, this increased to 36%. Even though 75% of children aged 6�C23 Dabigatran months received animal products on the preceding day, the amount consumed is likely to be small given the high cost and, so, is unlikely to significantly contribute to overall micronutrient intake. World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF recommend the use of complementary products in addition to breast milk after 6 months of age when there is a gap in critical nutrients (World Health Organization & UNICEF 2008). The use of linear programming models for rural and peri-urban Indonesian poor demonstrated that even with adequate intake of breast milk and use of the currently available fortified infant cereals, soy-based foods and animal-source foods in amounts that are affordable to the poor, it is difficult to provide children aged 9�C11 months with adequate iron, www.selleckchem.com/products/at13387.html zinc, calcium and B vitamins because of the cost constraints faced by the average family (Ferguson et?al. 2006; Santika et?al. 2009). A recent survey in West Timor reported consumption of vitamin A-rich foods to be only 113?RE/day among children aged 12�C35 months, while the Recommended Daily Allowance is 400?RE/day (Church World Service et?al. 2008). Given the current dietary pattern, there is clearly a need for affordable CFS containing sufficient levels of fortification with the critical micronutrients and essential fatty acids to improve the local diet of infants and young children. Until recently, the Ministry of Health (MOH) provided, free of charge, fortified blended food to poor children aged 6�C11 months and fortified biscuits to poor children aged 12�C23 months but has now started distributing a MNP ��Taburia�� during child health sessions (posyandu) in selected areas instead of these products.