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13 The DRG Outlier Approved Payment Amount field (the amount of payment approved due to an outlier situation over the DRG allowance for the stay) was added to the DRG Price Amount field to account Nutlin-3 research buy for total payments. The payment-to-cost ratio was calculated by dividing the hospital payment by the hospital cost for each discharge examined. Statistical analyses Characteristics among discharges with and without air leaks were described, and chi-square tests were performed to test the difference in proportions between air leak diagnosis groups. Hospital LOS, cost, and payment were compared between air leak diagnosis groups by performing a Wilcoxon rank-sum test, since LOS and costs were not normally distributed. All analyses were performed using SAS software (version 9.3; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Discharges that presented with air leaks were grouped into three LOS subcategories: 1) RO4929097 numbers of discharges to compare moderate and more profound prolonged LOS. Distributions of characteristics between the three LOS groups were compared on a global basis using the chi-square test for homogeneity. If a significant difference was observed at ��=0.05, then the groups were compared on a pairwise level using the same test with a Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of ��=0.05/3=0.017. The quantitative outcomes in the three LOS subcategories were compared using the Kruskal�CWallis nonparametric one-way analysis of variance due to the heavy right skew in these data. Pairwise comparisons between LOS subcategories were determined by the Dunn��s test, which controls the overall significance level at ��=0.05. Results Of the 21,717 discharges following lobectomy, segmentectomy, or LVRS identified in the 2012 MedPAR file, 2,947 (13.6%) were coded as having an air leak diagnosis following surgery (Table 1). Approximately 2% of discharges INPP5D were deceased at time of discharge, regardless of air leak diagnosis (P=0.31). The distribution of age was similar between air leak and non-air leak diagnosis groups (P=0.13). Males (55%) were significantly more likely than females to have an air leak diagnosis (P