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Conclusion?MDA-5 (but not RIG-I) plays a critical role in airway inflammation of COPD. Better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes will provide novel avenues in the treatment of COPD. HIROAKI KUME, SHU IMBE, OSAMU NISHIYAMA, TAKASHI IWANAGA, HIROYUKI SANO, HIROKAZU NAKAJIMA, YUJI TOHDA Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan Rationale?Since there are no anti-inflammatory agents for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchodilators such as long-acting buy Alectinib muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) and long-acting ��2-adrenoceotor agonists (LABAs) are widely used to improve lung function, dyspnea, and QOL in patients with this disease. This study was designed to determine whether synergistic effects were examined between LAMAs and LABAs Tryptophan synthase in airway smooth muscle. Moreover, intracellular signal transduction pathways were examined in this phenomenon based on the linkage between G proteins and large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. Methods?For record of isometric tension, the strips of tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pigs were placed in the organ bath and were perfused with the physiological solution at constant flow rate of 3?ml/min. The tissues were exposed to cholera toxin and pertussis toxin to activate Gs and to inhibit Gi, respectively. Charybdotoxin, a scorpion venom, was applied to suppress BK channels. Results?1?nM indacaterol, a LABA, and 10?nM Glycopyrronium bromide (GB), a LAMA, caused 9.1% (n?=?26) and 25.8% (n?=?18) inhibition of 1?��M methacholine-induced contraction, respectively. However, when 10?nM GB was applied in the presence of 1?nM indacaterol, the inhibitory effects of PI3K assay indacaterol/GB combination were markedly augmented to 51.8% inhibition (n?=?14, P?