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High levels of these UVB fingerprint mutations can therefore be expected in photo-exposed mtDNA. Studies are, however, scarce [17]. Similar to the CD, mtDNA copy number can be increased in consequence of oxidative stress [18-21], but such changes have not yet been correlated with UV exposure in skin. A mitochondrial CC to TT transition at bases 591/592 and changes in mtDNA copy numbers were evaluated as potential markers of UV exposure. Skin samples from adult donors were classified based on the site of origin into a high-exposure (HE) group (n?=?16, mainly neck and forehead, mean age 71?years) and a low-exposure (LE) group (n?=?15, mainly abdomen, mean age 65?years). Then, levels of the CD, a mitochondrial CC to TT transition (bases 591/592), a p53 gene CC to TT transition (codons 281/282) and mitochondrial DNA copy Everolimus in vitro number were determined by this website quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), separately in dermis and epidermis. For details, see Data S1. Sun exposure classification of the skin samples was based on body site origin. It was confirmed by assessing levels of the CD, which was significantly increased in the HE compared to the LE group (P?Cilengitide threshold) and all of the HE samples (median?=?3.5?��?10?4) were positive. To test the adequacy of mitochondrial tandem transitions as markers for UV exposure, we established a qPCR assay for the detection of a mtDNA CC to TT transition at bases 591/592. We measured, however, only three positive epidermis samples with transition rates between 10?4 and 10?5 mutated copies per wild-type DNA and no correlation with sun exposure (Fig.?1b). In comparison, a p53 CC to TT transition was detected in twice as many epidermis samples and at higher levels (10?2 to 10?3) than the mitochondrial transition (Fig.?1c). The quantification of mtDNA copy number resulted in between 14 and 14?200 mtDNA copies per cell (Fig.?2). Interestingly, it was significantly (P?