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7%) were positive with a pathogenic bacteria. Nine were positive alone (seven OM, one OA, one A). PCR assays were realized in 109 OAI samples, of which 51% were positive. Among the negative culture OAI samples, five articular fluids were not analysed by PCR due to insufficient GABA activity sampling. Among the patients completely investigated (blood culture and OAI samples), there were 63% with documented OAI (76/124): 62% A/OA and 86% OM. In addition, one tuberculosis spondylodiscitis was diagnosed using the Quantiferon?-TB test (Cellestis, Le Peq, France) with a good response to anti-tuberculosis treatment. The main pathogens found in culture or PCR are shown in Table?2. K.?kingae is isolated only in children of ALG1 the universal PCR remained negative. All S.?aureus found in culture were sensitive to oxacillin, 91% had a penicillinase, 9% were resistant to erythromycin and 9% to fluoroquinolones. All K.?kingae were sensitive to all tested antibiotics, selleck chemical with the exception of their natural resistance to clindamycin. All bacteria grown in culture were sensitive in vitro to the probabilistic treatment used in the unit. The antibiotic standard protocols were changed in six cases. The reasons were three cases of gastrointestinal intolerance due to rifampicin, rifampicin/amoxicillin/clavulanate or rifampicin/fucidic acid, one case of neutropenia (rifampicin), and two cases of elevation of liver enzymes (rifampicin). Ten days after the beginning of infection, CRP became normal or decreased more than 50% in 98% of cases. In two cases, the evolution was slower: recurrent effusion for a S.?pyogenes arthritis that had not been drained the first time, and a slow evolution of a bone necrosis due to a S.?aureus producing a Panton and Valentine toxin. Overall, no relapse occurred after 2 months, 6?months and 3 years of follow-up, with favourable clinical and radiological outcome. This prospective study, the largest performed on acute OAI in children, confirms that K.