What You Want To Be Aware Of Regarding ErbB And Why

Although both the Stroop and the flanker task are thought to induce conflict between relevant and irrelevant stimulus dimensions (Kornblum et al., 1990; Egner, 2008), and pupillary responses and behavior confirmed comparable congruency effects, the source of this conflict likely is different. For example, according to the Dimension-Action model (Magen and Cohen, 2002) the Stroop effect is driven by conflict between relevant and irrelevant verbal codes (following the translation from color to word), whereas conflict in the flanker task takes place between relevant and irrelevant stimulus elements in a visual dimension. In addition, Stroop interference stems from two features of the same visual object, whereas flanker interference stems from features of different visual objects (Magen and Cohen, 2002). This may have differentially impacted perceived task demands. Processing the relevant word color in a Stroop stimulus is inevitably accompanied by the processing of the irrelevant color word (Duncan, 1984; Chen, 2003), which may induce task conflict even in congruent trials (Goldfarb and Henik, 2007). In contrast, selective processing of central target relative to surrounding stimuli in the flanker task is simply possible through a spatial narrowing of attention (Laberge et al., 1991). One or more of these factors might have produced an increase in the reported level of task difficulty for the Stroop task. As a side note, we want to emphasize that a common interpretation of slower RT and/or increased congruency effects in terms of increased difficulty is not consistent with the observation in the previous experiments. Instead, the task rated to be more difficult (in Experiment 1) was associated with faster responses. However, note that some studies in fact have observed faster responses as a consequence of the participant��s adaptation to higher levels of task difficulty (cf. Washburn and Putney, 2001). Since we compared two different tasks requiring different processing of relevant and irrelevant perceptual features, it is obvious that faster RTs can also be attributed to more efficient processing in processing stages prior to response selection, such as perceptual processes. Moreover, because we used fixed response�Cstimulus intervals, faster RTs may have increased stimulus pacing, which in turn could have increased task difficulty. It is also important to stress that conflict-adaptation effects have been demonstrated in numerous studies on Stroop and Stroop-like paradigms (Egner and Hirsch, 2005b; Naccache et al., 2005; Verbruggen et al., 2006; Duthoo and Notebaert, 2012; Puccioni and Vallesi, 2012; Blais et al., 2014), although it is not clear how demanding these tasks actually are. In addition, some previous studies used simple Alisertib categorization responses and/or a low ratio of incongruent trials (e.g., Kerns et al.