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, 2004)] in a variety of mammalian cell types: HeLa (human epithelial), NRK-49F (rat fibroblasts), RAW264.7 (murine macrophages), Cos-7 (monkey fibroblasts), 3T3 (murine fibroblasts), J774.A1 (murine macrophages), and Caco2 (human epithelial). No significant defect was detected for this mutant (P > 0.05; Figures 1B,C). Together, the results shown in this section suggest ROCK signaling pathway that SseK1 is necessary for full virulence of Salmonella in mice but that it does not contribute specifically to invasion or intracellular proliferation, at least in the cell types and under the conditions tested. FIGURE 1 Competitive index (CI) analysis for an sseK1 null mutant. (A) Graphical representation of CI analysis of a strain Crizotinib concentration carrying a mutation in sseK1 after intraperitoneal (ip) and oral mice infections. (B) Analysis of invasion of the sseK1 mutant in mixed infections ... Synthesis and Translocation into Mammalian Cells of SseK1 Under SPI1 and SPI2 Inducing Conditions Although expression and secretion to culture media of SseK1 was detected under SPI1 and SPI2-inducing conditions, this Salmonella effector was described as translocated into human epithelial HeLa cells specifically through the T3SS2 (Kujat Choy et al., 2004). These previous results were obtained based on SseK1-2HA and SseK1-CyaA�� fusions expressed from a plasmid. To carry out a more detailed analysis of the expression of sseK1, we constructed a chromosomal lacZ translational fusion in the native sseK1 locus. This fusion permits quantification of the physiological levels of expression of this gene by measuring ��-galactosidase activities (see Materials and Methods). As seen in Figure ?Figure2A2A, sseK1 was expressed under SPI1-inducing conditions (LB, 0.3 M NaCl, without aeration) but its expression was significantly higher (P Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase important factor in the expression of sseK1 but butyrate, a fermentation product found in the intestine that is known to downregulate SPI1 genes, caused a significant repression (P