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, 2013). Several studies have demonstrated that check details mainly pertain to proprioceptive feedback suggests that brain�Cmachine interfaces based upon these motion-related signals might be impractical in the patient population in need, i.e. the patients unable to move, as no proprioceptive feedback will naturally reach the patients' brain in the absence of movement. Further studies should clarify whether the direction of even imagined movements could be decoded from low-frequency brain signals. This possibility actually seems likely since movement observation has been shown to lead to coherence between MEG signals from the observer's SM1 cortices and the observed hand kinematics, in the absence of movement of the observer (Bourguignon et al., 2012a). In other words, low-frequency brain signals from the SM1 cortex can in some cases be coherent with B3GAT3 some kinematics parameters in the absence of proprioceptive feedback, although the coherence is weaker than with executed movements (Bourguignon et al., 2012a). These contemplations, however, remain to be experimentally supported. Our rPDC analysis revealed that tactile input strengthened the coupling between finger kinematics and SM1 activity in the afferent direction, even though tactile input had no effect on the coherence level. The enhanced afferent coupling induced by tactile input cannot be accounted for by differences in movement SCH900776 frequency or regularity since these two parameters were very similar in touch and no-touch conditions (Piitulainen et al., 2013). Of notice, a previous CKC study found an increase of CKC level induced by tactile input but the fast repetitive finger movements used differed between the touch and no touch conditions (Bourguignon et al., 2012b). In the present fast repetitive finger-tapping task, tactile input represents an additional afferent flow of information to the SM1 cortex, phase-locked to finger's kinematics. Consequently, and as suggested by our rPDC results, brain signals from the SM1 cortex might be better predicted by finger kinematics in the presence of tactile input, probably because of contribution by tactile evoked responses. But, the overall coupling between brain signals and finger kinematics��as measured with CKC��was unaffected by the level of cutaneous input (Piitulainen et al.